Acid reflux, also known as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), is a condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing irritation and discomfort. Normally, a circular band of muscle called the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) prevents the backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus. However, when the LES weakens or relaxes abnormally, stomach acid can travel up into the esophagus, leading to symptoms such as:
- Heartburn: A burning sensation in the chest, often after eating or at night.
- Regurgitation: Sour or bitter-tasting acid backing up into the throat or mouth.
- Difficulty swallowing: Sensation of food getting stuck in the throat.
- Chronic cough or sore throat: Caused by stomach acid irritating the throat.
- Hoarseness or voice changes: Due to irritation of the vocal cords by stomach acid.
Acid reflux can be triggered or worsened by certain factors such as overeating, lying down after eating, consuming spicy or fatty foods, caffeine, alcohol, smoking, and being overweight. It can also be associated with hiatal hernia, a condition where part of the stomach protrudes into the chest cavity through the diaphragm.
While occasional acid reflux is common and usually harmless, frequent or severe reflux can lead to complications such as esophagitis (inflammation of the esophagus), esophageal strictures (narrowing of the esophagus), Barrett’s esophagus (changes in the lining of the esophagus that can lead to cancer), and respiratory problems.
Treatment for acid reflux typically involves lifestyle modifications such as avoiding trigger foods, eating smaller meals, avoiding lying down immediately after eating, losing weight if necessary, and quitting smoking. Over-the-counter or prescription medications like antacids, H2 receptor blockers, or proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) may also be used to reduce stomach acid production and alleviate symptoms. In severe cases or when complications occur, surgery may be necessary to strengthen the LES or correct other issues contributing to reflux.